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Welcome To Native Essay Writers

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Welcome To Native Essay Writers

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Haunted House, Free Essay Sample

My Haunted House Experience I was always skeptical about a lot of things around me. One of my greatest skepticisms though was the belief in all and anything supernatural. I was and still am a solid believer in Science. Everything that is new to me, I always look up to Science for an explanation. Even those times when I sometimes get a creepy vibe, I automatically chalk it up to the weather, the humidity, and whatever other reason I could think of. I’m not quite sure if it was because of my fear or because of my skeptic nature. Either way, I don’t want to find out. However, there was one event in my life that changed my views. That event made me do a one-eighty on my perspectives on the supernatural. My cousins and I were just chilling out on the patio. They— Karen, Mary, and Michael— were talking about some dilapidated house in the outskirts of town, where a family of 5 seemed to have died when their house was gunned by enemies back in the 1940s. The house was just about 5 blocks away from our house. I was lying on the hammock enthralled by the gruesome chase between Scarpetta, Marino, the FBI and a serial killer in the book I was reading entitled, Point of Origin (Cornwell, 1998). I was so into what I was reading when I felt a tap on my shoulder. It was my cousin, Karen. She asked if I wanted to go with them and see the house. I was curious as well, so I agreed. We walked for a while. When we got there, I couldn’t help but feel a sense of foreboding. When I gazed upon the dilapidated house, I shivered and felt a sense of cold dread traveling down my spine. I was wearing three layers of clothing to help abate the morning chill, but I swear I could feel the coldness run through my bones. When I looked at my cousins, they didn’t seem to feel it. Maybe I was just imagining things, maybe it was just the weather. The day was glum, to begin with. The sky was downcast, you know, like the scene in one of those serial killer movies like Seven (Fincher, 1995). I’m not sure about what I was feeling that time so, like the skeptic that I am, I ignored it altogether but deep down I know that there is something there. My cousin, Michael pushed the rusty gates. It made a high pitch creaky sound. We stood in the walkway. There were cracks along the path with weeds poking out. Weeds about the height of my knee surround the house, another testament to the age and uninhibitedness of the place. Standing there, I looked at the exterior of the house. The exterior paint is already chapped and some of the windows have broken panes. Clearly, time took a number on the house. Climbers can be found in the walls. The leaves were deep green in color and the flowers were maroon. We climbed the few steps. The banisters and beams and the two beams that served as the entrance to the patio atop the steps were twisted with the same vines in the wall. I got a clear view of the flowers. I thought they were maroon but on closer inspection, they were deep red, a bit brownish, in color, much like the color of dried blood. There is a sense of gothic beauty in them. My close inspection of the flowers was broken when my cousin Karen called me. There was an old rocking chair on the left corner. Mary thought it funny to sit on it. The chair made a creepy creaking sound when she rocked it. Creeped out, we ventured on. Michael pushed the door and it creaked open begrudgingly. A dank musty smell immediately wafted into our noses. We stepped inside. The narrow entryway from the door was littered with pictures on both walls. I saw a picture of a small boy and a girl, a bit older than the boy. Both were sitting on a swing. The boy was wearing trousers belted high at the abdomen. The girl was wearing a flowery hat and platform shoes. The way they dressed look closely like those pictures I once saw of people back in the 1940’s (History of Fashion 1900-1970, 2016). There was also a picture of another boy, this time with a dog. Then there’s a picture of a couple, the master and the mistress of the house, I think. We passed more pictures along t he way. Immediately to the left of the passage is a staircase, likely leading to the second floor. On the right is a corridor leading to a kitchen of sorts, and immediately at the front is the living room. I decided to stay in the living room while Michael took the second floor. Karen and Mary decided to explore the kitchen. I scanned the living room. The hearth plastered to the front-facing wall was covered with soot. Above the hearth is a large family portrait. What creeped me out upon looking at the family photo is that none of the people, the two boys, the girl, and the master and mistress, were smiling. That is not normal in my opinion. At the side of the hearth facing the opposite wall was a dusty glass cabinet filled with rifles and a small box encrusted with what I can only guess as a single emerald stone at the cover. Looking at the portrait again, I noticed that the master of the house is wearing what seemed to me as a military uniform. I surmised that he must’ve been a soldier and with the badges and stars, a high ranking one. It can’t be helped I guess what with the warring times in the 1940’s due to the World War II (Rosenberg, 2017). The mistress of the house was holding the very same box I was previously looking at and the two boys and girl were sitting in a stiff mann er, similar as to how military personnel sits, always in attendance and at a perfect 90-degree angle. The family upbringing must be militaristic for these kids. I tried to open the cabinet to take a closer look at the box, but it was locked. I turned around to look for a lever but couldn’t find any. When I turned back and tried to open the cabinet again, it gave way immediately. It creeped me out a bit, but I ignored it. The locks must’ve weakened with my insistent pulling prior. I took the box and examined it. I saw an initial encrusted at the bottom, C.G. I wonder what that means. I opened the box, but nothing was inside. I examined the exterior further. I was busy in my examination when I heard a dragging sound. I wasn’t quite sure, but it sounded like chains being dragged along the floor. The sound grew louder and louder and I feel as if it is approaching me. I turned abruptly but nothing was there. I called my cousin Michael to see if he was playing a prank on me, but he was still on the second floor. I called my cousins Karen and Mary. They answered me from the kitchen. I was starting to feel scared, so I returned the box to the cabinet and closed it. Suddenly, I heard a howl outside. The sound coupled with my experience scared me to my bones. My cousins heard the howl as well and immediately came to the living room. It was time to go home. We immediately scurried to the door and opened it. The sun was already setting. I thought that we were only inside the house for a couple of hours, but it seemed that we have wasted the entire day inside. We went down the steps and hurried out the gates. I swear I heard laughter on our way out. It was that time that I started to change my beliefs on the supernatural. Maybe, just maybe, ghosts are real because I could not for the life of me, explain the things I felt and heard inside that house. Bibliography Cornwell, P. (1998). Point of Origin. USA: Harper Collins Publishers. Retrieved from https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062376176/point-of-origin. Fincher, D. (Director). (1995). Seven [Motion Picture]. History of Fashion 1900-1970. (2016). Retrieved December 31, 2017, from Victoria and Albert Museum: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/h/history-of-fashion-1900-1970/ Rosenberg, J. (2017, August 20). The War Years and a Timeline of the 1940s. Retrieved December 31, 2017, from ThoughtCo.: https://www.thoughtco.com/1940s-timeline-1779951

Video Games And Its Effects On Children - 927 Words

Video games are a more interesting form of entertainment for the simple reason that players may become part of the game’s plot. Video games were invented for many years now. However, the current variety of games raised concerns about how they affect the children s behavior due to the fact that the games are becoming more sophisticated. Children spend most of their free time playing video games. Sometimes children refrain from completing important duties and dedicate all of their time playing video games. PlayStation and Xbox are some of the most popular video game consoles and for the past 30 years video games took part of many people’s daily activities especially the children. The video games, graphics and capabilities have increased tremendously particularly in the last decade. The first generation of video games thirty years ago was just simple geometric shapes controlled by the game player. However, the latest generation of games has graphics and capabilities that m imic real life scenarios. Hence, the games became even more popular among children, more worryingly the games have characters that the children’s view as heroes and role models. Today, it is not a surprise for a child to spend an average of several hours per day playing video games. When a child is playing the current generation of video games, they become immersed in a world of virtual reality, which may have a negative effect on a child if the game content is of a violent nature. Like the old sayingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Video games have always been a controversial type of entertainment, that may come from how relatively new video games are compared to other mediums of entertainment[1]. Maybe because of that when a violent crime occurs and the culprit has played a lot of games the media is quick to point at violent games as the reason for the crime, but is that true or are the media just biased or looking for quick views, this report aims to answer that question. Do games affect our way of thinkingRead MoreEffects Of Video Games On Children Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesScreening to a halt: Are parents in New Zealand able to identify signs of dependency or addiction in their children due to over use of screen-time from the recreational use of video games? Digital technology and the vast amount of video games have increased the amount of screen time consumption in contemporary New Zealand society. The saturation of smart phones, ipad’s, tablets, computers, game consoles and the Internet are devices with the means of connection to gaming. Many New Zealand families integrateRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Video Games on Children Technology today has progressed rapidly from generation to generation. Children and young adults are both into video games and the latest gadgets out there. Video games have been available to customers for the last 30 years. They are a unique way to entertain individuals because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Victor Strasburger an author of â€Å"Children, Adolescents, and the media† stated â€Å"The rising popularity of video games hasRead MoreThe Effects of Video and Video Games on Children2043 Words   |  8 Pagesaction, usually in a cartoon, movie, or video game. For many of us, Disney is where we refer back to early forms of animation with the idea of using thousands of consecutive drawings; through Disney, we can now see how far this idea of breathing life into static objects has advanced. Today, animation is becoming more and more realistic. With highly advanced technology and computer programs, it has become easier for simple cartoons to develop into what children see as real life. These animated cartoonsRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children1548 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Games Introduction Today video games are a staple in most households. It is pretty amazing to know that the first creation of games date all the way back to the 1900s. They were not originally invented to make a profit, but to give patients something to do while waiting in the lobby of an office. One inventor had a simple idea of using the monitor not just as a television set, but as a way to play games. College students were just playing around with equipment and happened upon something greatRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children940 Words   |  4 Pageswas bored they went outside to play, they created new games, or they played with friends. But, for the past three decades, video games and other digital media have been persuading many adolescents and children to spend the majority of their time playing them. Video games seem to satisfy children’s natural need to interact socially, however more often than not, they lead to social isolation. Overexposure to digital media, such as v ideo games is detrimental to the health and function of a child’sRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Children1519 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in the 21st century have transformed from friendly competing into guns, explosions, and major violence. Video games are getting away with more violence every year and the games are becoming more extreme. The consistence and severity of violence is at an all-time high leading the most popular games in the gaming community to have a ‘mature’ rating due to the considerable amount of violence involved. For example, one of the highest selling video games of all time grossing one billion itsRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games on Children1656 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction For more than 30 years, video gaming has been a popular activity amongst many of America’s children. With over $63 billion (Reuters, reuters.com) worth sold each year, video games are here to stay. While much controversy has arisen over the subject, video games have benefited the United States of America and its citizens to a great degree. For example, the military and CIA use gaming to train soldiers (Davidson, www.ehow.com), and classrooms use video games to teach students. The potentialRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children1034 Words   |  5 PagesThe world of today has developed in a way that even children are affected by technology. They enjoy video games in their leisure time and even prefer them to studying that, in its turn, can contribute to their poor performance in the class. These days, video games have become an issue that has brought concern to many people from parents to scholars about their potential effect on the future of children through influenci ng their conduct. They feel that the violent behavior or any other negative consequenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Video Games We see it everywhere we go, video games. Kids and adults are being captivated over the new video games that are coming out. Call of Duty, Battlefield,Uncharted; these are the games that people are enjoying and becoming fascinated with. What do all of those things have in common? There is only one answer and that is violence. Fighting, shooting, killing, these are the things that video games bring to the table and stimulate people s minds. We should ask ourselves whether

Organizational Strategy And Leadership

Questions: 1.How profitable do you think the industry currently is and what are the factors driving that profitability? 2.Also discuss how will these factor change in the future and what will be the effect of these changes on industry profitability? Answers: Introduction When a city makes an effort to assure the minimum proposal for constructing the downtowns major lane, it comes out to be the much competent application of tax finance in the tensed economical time. Therefore, the regional bureau attempts to confirm, which is its forms and standard of services supplying does match with the requirement of the people and is regular with present political consent. The defending process is done by the central section on the basis of presenting the funds demand, when several members among the board inquire about the fund demand get connected to the divisions entire planned operations. In every firm, the efforts for organizational effectiveness are taking place at every level. It is said to be the very effective process which helps to connect the particular aim with the particular measurement under the specific budget, naturally rational and not fairly sufficient. For regulating the organizational processes, the efforts from the public managers are really important, obligatory, and connected with present effective methods. Unfortunately it came out just as the component of the myth. It has verified itself to be very convenient and feasible but operates in a limited space. This seems to be considered as the technical solutions which resolve only a component of the query regarding companys usefulness and it pursues only with few of the problems of organizations. Public manager attempts to regulate companys activities are necessary, essential, and united with present perfect performance. Except the managing instrument eventually verify to be just an element of the mystery. Planning strategy under the fact of these realities, the concepts of planning opinion appear to block the spaces and conquer the restrictions which understand by deliberate preparing has confirmed to reveal. Hence, this study denotes the combination of strategic thinking, leadership ideas, and custom strategic activities in an attempt to build significant association and essential peculiarity. And the outcome is seemed to be the boundary of the establishment of strategic thinking. By this sense, it is said to be more connected with the process of standard administration, although strategic concept is connected with the processing of leadership. (Shelton Darling, 2001) 1. Performing an industrial investigation may help in recognizing the benefit as well as the limitations in a trade which may have in that sector, and it exerts the pressure that may help in creating the IT iindustry. The opportunities of making the Information industry more better is due to the effectively understanding the industry. Lets state that a trade has the fragile condition against their rivals then the modernization attempts are made for the IT industry, that may sometime affect adversely, as the users many times select different queried outcome and evaluate supplies. The core of benefit is the company returns expenses with profits based on value and capacity of the sold product. Hence, the factors driving the profitability of industries are: Angle of opposition in the organizational faces when the company has the domination strength then it seem to inherit the short competition, hence the requirement is resulting out to be more rigid. Making the market most oppositional will result out to lowering in profit. It is due to the diversion of the customers towards the cheapest company products. Power of requirement It truly denotes that the requirement will be increasing if the product is of latest trend. Company producing the low preferred products will lead it to the low benefit of an organization. Condition of the financial system When it is recognized that that there is the financial increment, the requirement for the luxury goods automatically increases additionally with the more level of inelasticity of requirements. Promotions it helps in various ways for the raising the demand and providing the product a level of much rigid, although the raised financial condition may need to match the overall expense of the promotional campaigns. Relative prices it can clearly be understood like when the cost of the product increases, the demand as well as the profit of the product decreases. (Jeffs, C, 2008) 2. Several corporate managers and strategic directors desire to inherit more consistent answers to the factors affecting in future because they perform at the core of the planning of strategies in the current IT industry. They recognize few of the factors that would lead to the changes in profitability: Predicting benefits: The general practices in an expanded organization are for the trade strategies to for arranging every product segment or probably processing other entities. Therefore, industrial workers then evaluate such plans, although with the help of industrial members expertise. Distributing resources: the main motive of evaluating segments plans in the IT industrial level is for creating useful distribution of revenues, other insufficient resources, and workers in the sectors. Evaluating administration performance: it is very closely connected to the issue of predicting benefits is the requirement for evaluating real benefit outcomes. Assessing fresh industrial offers: it is also considered as the basic issue in strategic planning is that in evaluating rate of interest in the approaching new trade that is being recognized for neither purchase nor for internal growth. As considered about the factors of profitability, every variable are interconnected by a single thread; which can be stated as planning conditions, which is explained in the requirement for few ways of evaluating profits on investment in a particular it industry, in the provided business and the market situation, pursuing a provided strategy. All the skilled industrial workers and the business planner are aware of the profits on investment differs extremely over single trade to another as well as from time to time in a product line or single sector. (Armstrong, Gary, 2012) Boundaries and membership of industries Industrial relationship is alarmed with the connections that occur in and outside of the workplace or say organization. It denotes the connection between the relationships among them and every executives, the connection executives and the members, that are from IT industry established to encourage and support their particular preferences, as well as the connection among every industries at every levels. It also comprises the methods over that such connections are articulated like the accusation and quarrel agreement, executives involvement in making decisions and collective negotiating. It also involves the administration of quarrel among the executives, staff members or else the trade unions, when it occurs. (Verma, Aayush, 2009) Macro Environment It is vastly outside of the industrial information technology venture. The factors of macro environment are irrepressible and over the straight impact and regulation of the firm. The factors strongly impact on its processes. The outside environment includes of the single executives, agencies, groups, firms, trials, situations and forces. It is rapidly interacted with the firms over its processes. Macro environment develops the better communication and mutually dependent connections in form of performing industrial evolution. Effective structuring and management of macro environment allows suitable planning and strategies to manage with and create alterations. The aspects of the macro environment are: Authorized environment Demographic environment Economic environment Natural environment Political environment Global or International environment Socio-cultural environment Technological environment Physical and technological environment The diversity of the factors can influence industrial trades. Hence these factors are of the national standards, international standards and the regional standards. Such factors are termed as the macro environment or the societal factors. Five Forces Analysis Impact on IT industry It involves the factors that initiate externally IT environment and basically cannot be changed by the methods of the firm. It can also be said that an IT industry get impacted by the alteration in such component of its surrounding, rather cannot impact itself in the business surrounding. Its factors involve economic, political legal, technological and socio-cultural variables. The IT industry recognizes such variables as component of its surrounding tracking for the effective understanding the risks and chances made by the inconsistent and the using of its strategic arrangement requires being in tuned hence the organization can achieve and maintain aggressive benefits. 1-Economic factors It denotes the aspects and the guidelines of the financial system in which the organization processes. It comprises the situation of business series, allocation of funds in the groups, governmental fiscal and monetary policies, and balance of payments. Its influence also varies among the industries. It comprises of: Trade series Balance of payments Fiscal and monetary policy Transfer payments Income distribution 2-Legal and political variables The legal and political angle of the basic surrounding also influence industrial processes. Hence its attitude towards the supporting groups in authority affects business conducts. It provides as the identifying the task which firms cannot execute at that specified time point. It includes: Standards of government impacts Legislation 3-Technological variables It is termed as the other feature of the surrounding an IT organization might consider for advancing the strategic preparations. Modifying technology might influence the requirement for the organizations goods as well as services, considering its production methods as well as the raw components. Its alters may provide fresh chances for the organization, or frightens the existence of the good, company or it industry. Its modernization persists to increase at the quick rising rate. Assessing technological alterations Production methods Demands 4-Socio-cultural factors Its angle of the surroundings includes the traditions, livings and morals that identifies the society over which the organization processes. Its parts of the surrounding affects the facility of the company to achieve resources, creating its products and utilities, and process in the culture. Its factors comprise several things in the circumstance of the community which has the ability influence the firm. Their variable includes: Social liability Customs and values Increasing educational standards Changes in population (Samson, Danny, 2012) 5-Flexibility Into work for any Industry: IT system and components can work on any industry and give profitability and better productivity. Conclusion The effectiveness of IT organizations can only be justified as the aiming on both the development of conducts appropriately connected with the quantitative evaluations. For obtaining the essential objectives and the excellence standards natural in it industrys intelligence of values, reason, denotation, and revelation. Leadership and strategic thinking occurs at many places and among them prominently on the end point and subsequently effort solid to connect the business core with the main part which appropriately suits over the industrial administrators and strategy makers. Hence, this appreciation of various viewpoints of plans is important for legislative administrators that have to settle with the supervising resources and supplying utilities. Strategy planning is important for legislative administrators also, for monitoring their profession as well as settling among the strategic making of the society. References Sidney Schoeffler Robert D. Buzzell and Donald F. Heany (2004), Impact of strategy planning on profit performance. Venkataratnam, CS, (1997) Indian Industrial Relations (unpublished paper prepared for ILO Task Force on Industrial Relations), GenevaFairholm, M. R., (2004). Different perspectives on the practice of leadership. Public Administration Review, 64(5), 577-590. Peter, D, (2013), business. Verma, Aayush, (2009), Macro factors affecting business environment. David, Michael, (2005), "Increased Productivity Can Depress Job Growth." The Virginian-Pilot. Kuruvilla, S, (1997): Globalization and Employment Relations: A Framework and Agenda for Research in Asia. Alford, J, (2002), Defining the client in the public sector: a social-exchange perspective. Public Administration Review. Ghumann, Mushtaq, (2005), "Accountability Towards the Community." Business Recorder. Birnbaum, B, (2004), Strategic Thinking: A Four Piece Puzzle. Costa Mesa, CA: Douglas Mountain Publishing. Schmidt, Susan M, (2005), "Think It's a Breeze Moving Goods Between the U.S. and Mexico? Think AgainRegulatory Regimes Are the Hidden Pitfalls in NAFTA and Other Free Trade Agreements." World Trade. Samson, Danny, (2012), Management In New Zealand. Cengage Learning. Research and Markets, (2005), Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility in Retail Financial Service." Business Wire. Armstrong, Gary (2012), Principles of Marketing (5th ed.). NSW: Pearson Education Tea Trade Coffee Journal, (2004), U.S. to Rejoin International Coffee Organization." Nixon, Judy, (2010), "Exploring SWOT analysis - where are we now?: A review of academic research from the last decade". Journal of Strategy and Management. Thiagarajah, R, (1996), "Asian Experiences in Tripartism: a Focus on the Practice of National Tripartite Consultation in Nine Selected Countries", in Tripartism: Some Conceptual and Practical Aspects (paper in unpublished report of Norway/ILO Asian Pacific Project on Tripartism, Bangkok). Armstrong, Gary, (2012), Principles Of Marketing. N.S.W: Pearson Australia. Fairholm, M. R., Fairholm, G, (2000), Leadership amid the constraints of trust. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal. Jeffs, C, (2008), "Strategic Management", SAGE Publications Ltd.

What Is Hacktivism Sample Essay Example For Students

What Is Hacktivism? Sample Essay Hacktivism is the merger of hacking and activism ; political relations and engineering. More specifically. hacktivism is described as hacking for a political cause. In this context. the term hacker is used in mention to its original significance. As defined in the New Hacker’s Dictionary. a hacker is â€Å"a individual who enjoys researching the inside informations of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities† and one who is capable of â€Å"creatively get the better ofing or besieging limitations† . ( 1 ) Activism is defined as â€Å"a policy of taking direct and hawkish action to accomplish a political or societal goal† . ( 2 ) Therefore. a clinical definition of hacktivism is: Hacktivism: a policy of choping. phreaking or making engineering to accomplish a political or societal end. ( 3 ) However. both choping and activism. and therefore hacktivism. are laden words ripe for a assortment of reading. Therefore it is preferred non to clini cally specify hacktivism but instead to depict the spirit of hacktivism. Hacktivism is root. It is the usage of one’s collective or single inventiveness to besiege restrictions. to chop cagey solutions to complex jobs utilizing computing machine and Internet engineering. Hacktivism is a continually germinating and unfastened procedure ; its tactics and methodological analysis are non inactive. In this sense no 1 owns hacktivism – it has no prophesier. no Gospel and no canonised literature. We will write a custom essay on What Is Hacktivism? Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hacktivism is a rhizomic. open-source phenomenon. In the Beginning†¦ Since hacktivism is a recombinant enterprise comprised of two divergent communities ( hackers and militants ) it is necessary to understand their several backgrounds in order to analyse this historic amalgamation and to analyze its challenges and future capablenesss. â€Å"Hacker† was originally a term that encapsulated an individual’s deep apprehension of computing machine systems and webs and the ability to contrive. modify. and polish such systems. It is a recombinant attitude that promotes job resolution and originative inherent aptitude for it does non restrict one’s options to the possible. Choping thrives in an environment in which information is freely accessible. The hacker ethic formulated by Steven Levy in his 1984 book â€Å"Hackers: Heros of the Computer Revolution† outlines the hacker dogmas: 1. Entree to computing machines should be unlimited and entire. 2. All information should be free. 3. Mistrust authorization – promote decentalisation. 4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking non fake standards such as grades. age. race. or place. 5. You create art and beauty on a computing machine. 6. Computers can alter your life for the better. ( 4 ) The GNU/Linux operating system evolved from this hacker ethic. As fellow hackers from the MIT AI lab were lured into commercial ventures Richard Stallman became progressively concerned about the decay of the hacker community and the increasing control being exerted over proprietary codification. Stallman decided to make a free operating system modeled after the proprietary UNIX system. ( 5 ) Linus Torvalds began development on a meat and released the initial beginning codification for his meat. named Linux. ( 6 ) Together the work of Stallman and Linus form the GNU/Linux operating system. This package is released under the General Public License ( GPL ) . which is known every bit â€Å"copyleft† as opposed to right of first publication. The GPL allows users to modify and copy the package every bit long as they make the beginning freely available to others. ( 7 ) There is now a vibrant planetary. unfastened beginning community that thrives based on the free flow. and sharing of information. Hackers abhor censoring. Censoring is frequently seen as a human rights misdemeanor. particularly when it is combined with a repressive. regulating government. In add-on. hackers mistrust restrictive statute law that encroaches on free entree to information and cherished electronic privateness. Thus a natural anti pathy to repressive authoritiess and predatory. private establishments has developed. In Phrack magazine. Dr. Crash explains that computing machine engineering is being misused non by hackers but by authoritiess and corporations: The fantastic device meant to enrich life has become a arm which dehumanizes people. To the authorities and big concerns. people are no more than disc infinite. and the authorities doesn’t usage computing machines to set up assistance for the hapless. but to command atomic decease arms. ( 8 ) This sentiment is non an stray harangue. There is decidedly a tendency within hacker civilization that non merely focuses on proficient facets of calculating but political facets every bit good. In the â€Å"Hacker’s Manifesto† the ment0r explains: We make usage of a service already bing without paying for what could be dirt-cheap if it wasn’t run by profiteering gourmands. and you call us felons. We explore†¦ and you call us felons. We seek after knowledge†¦ and you call us felons. We exist without tegument colour. without nationality. without spiritual bias†¦ and you call us felons. You build atomic bombs. you pay wars. you murder. darnel. and lie to us and seek to do us believe it’s for our ain good. yet we’re the felons. ( 9 ) There is an hostility between government/corporate limitations and domination of computing machine engineering and hackers who want to guarantee free entree to information. to besiege censoring. and to forestall monopoly control of engineering. Militants recognized the benefits of incorporating activism and computer/Internet engineering comparatively rapidly. The new unfastened architecture engineering of the Internet played a complementary and good function that fit absolutely with bing. decentralized. activist webs. In fact. computerized activism was already taking topographic point before the birth of the WWWeb. Stephan Wray notes that the creative activity of PeaceNet. a text-based newsgroup service. in 1986 allowed â€Å"political militants to pass on with one another across international boundary lines with comparative easiness and velocity. † ( 10 ) This has allowed militants with small or no proficient accomplishments to use the benefits of digital communications. The Internet allows for the convergence of meetings. arguments. and research in one convenient and fast medium that greatly enhances non merely activists’ organisational capablenesss but besides the ability of militants to respond to a invariably altering universe in a timely mode. In order to educate the populace and promote causes and runs. militant organisations have utilized the Internet and established an accessible. updateable. synergistic. and international presence that antecedently would hold been hard if non about impossible to keep. Applied Hacktivism Hacktivism is the merger of the development of computing machine activism with the politicization of the hackers. The evolutionary advancement of both communities has put them in a place where they can congratulate each other because they face the same techno-political resistance: the inhibitory usage of Torahs and engineerings by private corporations and authoritiess to progressively supervise and command the Internet. The outgrowth of techno-politics has emboldened each community and provides a conduit for electronic activism. Oxblood Ruffin of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention explains: Hacktivism forges scruples with engineering and girds us against the disagreeable nature of struggle. I t allows us to mount better statements. rally unobserved Alliess. and take on any dictatorship. ( 11 ) The realization of politicized hacking has taken a assortment of signifiers runing from electronic civil noncompliance to besieging restrictions through engineering development and execution. However. there is major expostulation to and controversy of the motive and methodological analysis of activities that are frequently described as hacktivism. As with the hacker/cracker dichotomy many distinguish between hacktivism and â€Å"cracktivism† . The former is used to depict politically motivated hacking that is constructive and the latter disruptive. Cracking is defined as â€Å"the act of interrupting into a computing machine system† ( 12 ) and when such Acts of the Apostless are carried out for an expressed political intent they are frequently described as hacktivism. But hacktivism is unstable and its focal point and look has evolved over clip. To avoid â€Å"definition confusion† . it is better to analyse specific state of affairss contextually and analyze the ends. methods. consequences. Events frequently described as hacktivism have been classified as: snap ( including disfigurement and denial of service ) . practical sitins. and engineering development. Unauthorized entree. disfigurement and DoS comprise â€Å"cracktivism† and should be examined with peculiar examination since cases of unauthorised entree and web break are conspicuously featured in the current sensationalized media clime. Such onslaughts are frequently labeled by the media as â€Å"hacktivism† despite there being a clear deficiency of political significance and small if any originative. technological proficiency involved in the onslaught. Furthermore. they are labeled as such despite the fact that the culprits themselves. along with the hacktivist communi ty. seldom describe such events as hacktivism. In 1998 there were several targeted events in which computing machine invasion and disfigurement was used to protest unfairness. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/news/1998/MexicanHac kers-Reuters-1998. pdf ) Kaotik Team defaced 45 Indonesian Web sites to include messages naming for full liberty for East Timor. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/news/1998/E-GuerrilasOttawaCitizen-1998. pdf ) Defacement. despite being the most normally cited hacktivist maneuver in the media. is non considered hacktivism merely because of some obscure message that. when taken as political. all of a sudden makes a defacement hacktivism alternatively of merely another disfigurement. Hacktivism must hold a degree of deliberately that the overpowering bulk of disfigurements don’t have. A disfigurement itself is non hacktivism. Kevin Poulsen distinguishes between hooliganism and hacktivism: Vandalism is malicious devastation or harm. non disingenuous and insurgent meddling. The cogent evidence for protest is in the quality of the work. the lucidity of the message. and the motivations behind it. ( 13 ) When random web sites are defaced – web sites that have no connexion to the supposed issue of protest – it is non hacktivism. Defacements began to drastically increase in 2000 dues to general slack security and the airing of feats for Microsoft IIS waiter. most notably the Uni code Directory Traversal Vulnerability which allowed disfigurements to be conducted through a web browser – every bit easy as you would see a URL ( 14 ) . .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .postImageUrl , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:hover , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:visited , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:active { border:0!important; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:active , .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5731601390c0572aa2724ec443cd1b7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: computers EssayThis resulted in a focal point on unpolitical high profile disfigurements go forthing disfigurement as a method to pull attending to a political cause and as a mechanism of protest overshadowed and spent. Although some politically motivated disfigurements do go on to take topographic point they are considered an mistiming by many hacktivists and neglect to impact political alteration or even draw attending to a political cause. Unlike the disfigurements of 1998. modern-day â€Å"political† disfigurements are frequently the consequence of ongoing feuds between disfigurement groups. Embedded within a nationalist discourse. the twits between opposing def acers are interpreted as politically motivated â€Å"cyberwars† and enflamed by sensationalist media describing. In a widely cited illustration that occurred in 2001. a â€Å"cyberwar† erupted after a U. S. spy plane was shot down in China. However. as Attrition. org discovered. it was more a instance of â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† – defacers who had non shown any political motives all of a sudden became political merely after the media interpreted their disfigurements as political. Alternatively of being a â€Å"cyberwar† . Attrition. org describes the event as â€Å"the corporate dick-waving of a clump of script-kidiots fueled by alleged journalists bring forthing media ballyhoo – the former seeking to feed their self-importances and the latter to feed their hit counts. † ( 15 ) It has been suggested that viruses and worms are used by hacktivists to advance political messages. The merely good documented event occurred in 1989 when a political worm known as WANK targeted the HEPnet and the NASA SPAN webs to protest the development of atomic arms ( 16 ) . There have been few politically motivated viruses and worms since WANK. The few which have been identified as political include: Milw0rm broke into computing machine systems at India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Bombay ( BARC ) in a protest against atomic arms trials. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/technology/0. 1282. 12717. 00. hypertext markup language ) LoU members Bronc Buster and Zyklon disabled firewalls in order to let China’s Internet users uncensored entree to the Internet. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/print/0. 1294. 16545. 00. ht milliliter ) X-Ploit defaced the web sites of Mexico’s Finance Ministry and Health Ministry to protest the authorities of President Ernesto Zedillo and to demo solidarity with the Zapatista rebellion. ? Mawanella: A virus that appeared in 2001 depicting the firing down of two mosques and one hundred Muslim-owned stores in Mawanella. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/mawanell a. hypertext markup language ) Injustice: A worm that appeared in 2001 protesting the violent death of 12 twelvemonth old Palestinian kid Mohammad Al-Durra. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/injusti. hypertext markup language ) Vote-A: A 2001 worm that calls for a ballot on whether America should travel to war. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/analyses/w32v ote-a. hypertext markup language ) Yaha-E: A 2002 worm that attempts a denial of service onslaught on a Pakistani government’s web site. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/yahae3. hypertext markup language ) Ame La Paz stated that non merely had the EDT failed to confer with with Mexican organisations they besides did non confer with with the Zapatistas. Furthermore. Ame La Paz suggested that such actions may take to increasing confrontation and the escalation of belligerencies in internet. There have been other such reviews of electronic civil noncompliance from within the militant community. ( 20 ) The etoy narrative of 1999/2000 is a tale starring the European art corporate etoy. com and Internet plaything giant eToys. com. etoy is a dynamic graphics that â€Å"uses the corporate construction to maximise cultural value† in order to research the jobs of globalisation. ( 21 ) After etoy turned down an offer by eToys to purchase the sphere name etoy. com. eToys sought and won a impermanent tribunal injunction denying etoy the usage of the sphere etoy. com despite the fact that etoy. com had been registered before the eToys Corporation had even existed. The logical thinking was that etoy. com was bewilderingly similar to etoys. com Not content to discontinue. protagonists of etoy. most notably RTMark began a run. a toy war. designed non merely to decrease the value of eToys stock to make a case in point that â€Å"would coerce e-commerce companies in the hereafter to believe twice approximately censoring for fiscal net income. † ( 22 ) A Virtual Sit-In was organized to cross the premier shopping yearss of Dec. 15-25 and promotion runs targeted eToys investing boards all of which had an impact on the stock monetary value of eToys. In fact the stock began to drop the twenty-four hours the protests began. eToys finally drop their claim and etoy regained control of the etoy. com sphere with eToys picking up the legal costs. ( 23 ) Another major ECD action. one which introduced the construct of synchronised electronic and street based protest. was initiated by the electrohippies collective to co-occur with the 1999 street presenta tions in Seattle. Washington against the meeting of the World Trade Organization. They argue that by organizing street and Internet based protest the involvements of the populace are furthered. The web. they argue. is non separate from the street: Therefore. we must happen mechanisms for lobbying and protest in internet to complement those usually used in existent life. Without public force per unit area internet will hold no moral or normative controls to command the surpluss of politicians. groups or corporations who would seek to rule that public infinite. ( 24 ) The action was conducted â€Å"To supply a mechanism for ordinary people. who can non acquire to Seattle. to register a protest that may hold the impact tantamount to really being there in person† ( 25 ) by decelerating or barricading entree to the WTO’s waiters. It is of import to observe that the anti-virus signifier Symantec current has a turning database of over 65000 viruses and worms of which few contain any content that could be interpreted as political. However. the self-seeking involvements of security houses have led them into overstating the being of political viruses and worms. For illustration. the text of the Yaha-E worm is merely several lines of misspelled twits directed at a rival disfigurement group – a message that is barely political. The fact is that viruses and worms are infrequently associated with political intents. The development and usage viruses or worms is non loosely accepted within the hacktivist community – in fact most oppose it. Electronic Civil Disobedience ( ECD ) is a legitimate signifier of non-violent. direct action utilized in order to convey force per unit area on establishments engaged in unethical or condemnable actions. Within the electronic environment. ECD aims to interrupt the opera tion of information and capital flows of carefully selected mark sites without doing serious harm. Presently based on. but non limited to. the tactical usage of encirclement and trespass. ECD acts as a mechanism through which â€Å"the value system of the province ( to which information is of higher value than the person ) is inverted. puting information back in the service of people instead than utilizing it to profit establishments. † ( 17 ) The realization of ECD in this respect has been an effort to obstruct electronic marks through mass engagement. Stefan Wray explains: In early 1998 a little group naming themselves the Electronic Disturbance Theater had been watching other people experimenting with early signifiers of practical sitins. The group so created package called FloodNet and on a figure of occasions has invited mass engagement in its practical sitins against the Mexican authorities. EDT members Carmin Karasic and Brett Stalbaum created FloodNet to direct a â€Å"symbolic gesture† against an opponent’s web site. FloodNet is a Web-based Java applet that repeatedly sends browser reload bids. In theory. when adequate EDT participants are at the same time indicating the FloodNet URL toward an opposition site. a critical mass prevents farther entry. Actually. this has been seldom attained. Given this. possibly FloodNet’s power lies more in the fake menace. ( 18 ) It should be noted that a Mexican organisation. Ame La Paz. while supportive of the construct issued a statement critical of the EDT’s action: We besides think your Electronic Civil Disobedience on April is a brilliant. intelligent and well-planned proposal. but it is unneeded and unsafe. ( 19 ) .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .postImageUrl , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:hover , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:visited , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:active { border:0!important; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:active , .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677 .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73143238a29ab2459f957fa09d8c3677:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On the surface, Jonas is like any other eleven-year-old boy living in his community Essay Oxblood explains: Many online militants claim to be hacktivists. but their tactics are frequently at odds with what we consider hacktivism to be. From the cDc’s position. creative activity is good ; devastation is bad. Hackers should advance the free flow of information. and doing anything to interrupt. prevent. or idiot that flow is improper. For case. Center for Disease Control and Prevention does non see Web disfigurements or Denial of Service ( DoS ) attacks to be legitimate hacktivist actions. The former is nil more than high-tech hooliganism. and the latter. an assault on free address. ( 29 ) Alternatively. it is argued that the focal point of hacktivism should be shifted from electronic break to job solution. Oxblood Ruffin explains: Hacktivism is an open-source implosion. It takes the best of choping civilization. and the jussive moods of the quantum community. and fuses a solution. ( 30 ) Hacktivismo chooses to re-define hacktivism as â€Å"using engineering to progr ess human rights through electronic media. † ( 31 ) Re-focusing on the initial hacker moral principle. hacktivists seek originative solutions that circumvent restrictions in codification. If. as Lawrence Lessig suggests. â€Å"code is law† ( 32 ) so code itself is the primary location of battle. Despite being heralded as a democratising engineering by virtuousness of its decentralized. open-architecture design the Internet is progressively coming under force per unit area by establishments. authoritiess and corporations that seek to have and command it. The increasing incursion of Draconian cyberlaw – including anti- ( cyber ) terrorist act commissariats every bit good as rational belongings jurisprudence – combined with technological steps that restrict freedom of address and look online threaten the Internet both as a communications medium and as a agency of activism. Some hackers have been disputing limitations to free address and just usage rights in the tribunals. 2600 Magazine has been taken to tribunal several times over such issues. most notably the DeCSS instance. In Nov. 1999 Masters of Reverse Engineering ( MoRE ) released DeCSS. a plan that allowed users to do transcripts of copy-protected DVD’s. MoRE member Jon Johansen claimed they had released the codification so that users could play DVD’s on the Linux operating system. 2600 Magazine was sued by the MPAA for printing the DeCSS beginning codification. ( 33 ) Although 2600 decided non to appeal a opinion against them in the U. S. ( 34 ) Jon Johansen won his tribunal instance in Norway and has since released an unfastened beginning public-service corporation that dumps the contents of a Quicktime watercourse pulling attending to fair usage rights. ( 35 ) Increasingly. militants and hacktivists are being criminalized and labeled as terrorists. Users. militants. and hackers likewise face censoring and surveillance on the Internet. Therefore hacktivists have begun to develop engineerings aimed at authorising Internet users and militants with security and privateness enhancing tools. There are legion ongoing hacktivist undertakings to develop engineerings that would enable militants. citizens and civil society webs to procure themselves against. or work about. Internet censoring and surveillance. The range of these engineerings ranges from little. simple books and plans to extremely developed peer-to-peer web protocols. and stegonography tools . The new collaborative hacktivist community Hackforge. cyberspace purposes to convey together hackers and militants in an unfastened beginning collaborative package development environment in The practical sit-in. or client-side DDOS. differs from serverside DDOS since â€Å"client-side distributed actions require the attempts of existent people. taking portion in their 1000s simultaneously† while the latter requires the snap of computing machines to utilize as living deads in an machine-controlled DDOS onslaught. Attrition. org’s Brian Martin explains server-side DDOS: Prior to establishing this signifier of DDoS inundation. the aggressor must first via media assorted hosts on different webs. The more webs and machines used as launch points. the more powerful the onslaught. Once each host had been broken into. they would put in a DDoS client plan on the machine that would sit ready to assail. Once the web of compromised waiters was configured with the new client plan. t he aggressor could direct a speedy bid from the DDoS waiter package triping each machine to establish an onslaught. ( 26 ) Others within the hacker/hacktivist fierily oppose the maneuver of the practical sit-in proposing that there is no difference between a practical sit-in and a DDOS onslaught. In a response to the electrohippies. Oxblood Ruffin of cDc/Hacktivismo explains: Denial of Service. is Denial of Service. is Denial of Service. period. The lone difference between a plan like Stacheldraht a DDoS application written by The Mixter ] and the client side javascript plan written by the Electrohippies is the difference between blowing something up and being pecked to decease by a duck. ( 27 ) Hacktivism is non purely the importing of militant techniques into the digital kingdom. Rather it is the look of hacker accomplishments in the signifier of electronic direct action. It acknowledges that neither the tactics nor the aims of hacktivism are inactive. Rather. they must continually germinate in order to be effectual. Therefore a differentiation is made between hackers engaged in activism and militants trying use the proficient facets of choping to mime and apologize traditional signifiers of activism. This sentiment is summed up by Oxblood Ruffin of cDc/Hacktivismo: Hacktivism is about utilizing more facile statements – whether of codification or words – to build a more perfect system. One does non go a hacktivist simply by infixing an â€Å"h† in forepart of the word militant or by looking backward to paradigms associated with industrial organisation. ( 28 ) Break ( whether by computing machine housebreakings. disfigurement or denial of service ) . in this respect. is non feasible option. In order to ease the continued development of hacktivist engineerings. Hovering between creative activity and confrontation hacktivism is returning to its hacker roots. True to the hacker definition of â€Å"circumventing limitations† hacktivists have ever focused on engineering development. with a peculiar focal point on guaranting freedom of address on the Internet. although this facet has frequently been ignored by the media and faculty members. Hacktivism is non simple pranksterism. nor is it malicious or destructive. It is non synonymous with disfigurements and DoS onslaughts. Hacktivism is a signifier of electronic direct action in which originative and critical thought is fused with scheduling accomplishment and codification making a new mechanism to accomplish societal and political alteration. Hacktivists are committed to procuring the Internet as a platform of free address and look. This ensures that the Internet remains a medium for activism and an environment that facilitates the free flow of information. Mentions: 29. hypertext transfer protocol: //hacktivismo. com/news/modules. php? name=Content A ; pa=showpage A ; pid= 10 30. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/cDc_files/cDc-0361. html 31. hypertext transfer protocol: //hacktivismo. com/news/modules. php? name=Content A ; pa=showpage A ; pid= 10 32.hypertext transfer protocol: //code-is-law. org/ 33. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theregister. co. uk/content/archive/23633. html 34. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. 2600. com/news/view/article/1233 35. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theregister. co. uk/content/4/34141. hypertext markup language What is Hacktivism? 1. 0 can be found at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thehacktivist. com/hacktivism1. php Notes: 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drudge. gr/jargon/html/H/hacker. html 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/search? q=activism 3. This definition appeared on the CULT OF THE DEAD COW’s now defunct website hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hacktivism. org which is archived here: hypertext transfer protocol: //web. archive. org/web/19981203083935/http: //www. hacktivism. org/ 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //mosaic. echonyc. com/~steven/hackers. html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wildebeest. org/gnu/thegnuproject. html 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Li. org/linuxhistory. php 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wildebeest. org/copyleft/gpl. html 8. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phrack. org/phrack/6/P06-03 9. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phrack. org/phrack/14/P14-03 10. hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/edt/wwwhack. html 11. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drudge. gr/jargon/html/C/cr acking. html 12. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. securityfocus. com/bid/1806/info/ 13. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. techtv. com/cybercrime/print/0. 23102. 2000216. 00. html 14. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/mirror/attrition/defacements-graphs. html 15. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/security/commentary/cn-us-war. hypertext markup language 16. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cert. org/advisories/CA-1989-04. hypertext markup language 17. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. critical-art. net/books/ecd/ecd2. pdf 18. hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/edt/wwwhack. html 19. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thing. net/~rdom/ecd/amelapaz. html 20. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thing. net/~rdom/ecd/harrycontrib. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nettime. org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9808/msg00028. html 21. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. etoy. com 22. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rtmark. c om/etoymain. html 23. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/politics/0. 1283. 33111. 00. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/politics/0. 1283. 32936. 00. html hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rtmark. com/etoy. html 24. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gn. armored personnel carrier. org/pmhp/ehippies/files/op1. htm 25.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gn. armored personnel carrier. org/pmhp/ehippies/archive/wtoir. htm 26. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/~jericho/works/security/dos. html 27. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/details. php3? listing_id=410 28. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/details. php3? listing_id=410